The expressions substring(i, n, s), substring(s, i, n), and substring((i, n), s) all return the substring that starts at index i and has n characters.
In other words, if $s=s_0s_1s_2\ldots s_k$, then the substring returned is $s_i s_{i+1}\ldots s_{i+n-1}$.
Indices begin at zero, and a negative index is counted from the end of the string. Requests for out-of-bound character positions are silently ignored.
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The expressions substring(i, s) and substring(s, i) return the substring that starts at index i and continues to the end of the string.
In other words, if $s=s_0s_1s_2\ldots s_k$, then the substring returned is $s_i s_{i+1}\ldots s_k$.
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The object substring is a compiled function.