connectingExtMap(Module,Matrix,Matrix) -- makes the connecting maps in Ext

Synopsis

Function: connectingExtMap
Usage:

connectingExtMap(M, g, f)

connectingExtMap(g, f, M)
Inputs:
- M, a module, over a ring $S$
- f, a matrix, over a ring $S$ defining an injective map $f \colon A \to B$
- g, a matrix, over a ring $S$ defining a surjective map $g \colon B \to C$ such that the image of $f$ equals the kernel of $g$
Optional inputs:
- Concentration => a sequence, default value null, not yet implemented
Outputs:
- a map of complexes,

Description

Since Ext is a bifunctor, there are two different connecting maps. The first comes from applying the covariant functor $\operatorname{Hom}_S(M, -)$ to a short exact sequence of modules. The second comes from applying the contravariant functor $\operatorname{Hom}_S(-, M)$ to a short exact sequence of modules. More explicitly, given the short exact sequence

$\phantom{WWWW} 0 \leftarrow C \xleftarrow{g} B \xleftarrow{f} A \leftarrow 0, $

the $(-i)$-th connecting homomorphism is, in the first case, a map $\operatorname{Ext}_S^i(M, C) \to \operatorname{Ext}_S^{i+1}(M, A)$ and, in the second case, a map $\operatorname{Ext}_S^i(A, M) \to \operatorname{Ext}_S^{i+1}(C, M)$. Observe that the connecting homomorphism is indexed homologically, whereas Ext modules are indexed cohomologically, explaining the different signs for the index $i$.

As a first example, applying the functor $\operatorname{Hom}(S/I, -)$ to a short exact sequence of modules

$\phantom{WWWW} 0 \leftarrow S/h \leftarrow S \xleftarrow{h} S(- \deg h) \leftarrow 0 $

gives rise to the long exact sequence in Ext modules having the form

$\phantom{WWWW} \dotsb \leftarrow \operatorname{Ext}^{i+1}(S/I, S(-\deg h)) \xleftarrow{\delta_{-i}} \operatorname{Ext}^i(S/I, S/h) \leftarrow \operatorname{Ext}^i(S/I, S) \leftarrow \operatorname{Ext}^i(S/I, S(-\deg h)) \leftarrow \dotsb. $

i1 : S = ZZ/101[a..d, Degrees=>{2:{1,0},2:{0,1}}];

i2 : h = a*c^2 + a*c*d + b*d^2;

i3 : I = (ideal(a,b) * ideal(c,d))^[2]

             2 2   2 2   2 2   2 2
o3 = ideal (a c , a d , b c , b d )

o3 : Ideal of S

i4 : g = map(S^1/h, S^1, 1)

o4 = | 1 |

o4 : Matrix

i5 : f = map(S^1, S^{-degree h}, {{h}})

o5 = | ac2+acd+bd2 |

             1      1
o5 : Matrix S  <-- S

i6 : assert isShortExactSequence(g,f)

i7 : delta = connectingExtMap(S^1/I, g, f)

o7 = -2 : cokernel {-3, -2} | d2 -c2 -b2 a2 | <-------------------------------------- subquotient ({-4, -2} | c2 ac+bd -bc   b2 0   a2  0  ab    0  0           |, {-4, -2} | -b2 a2  0   0  ac2+acd+bd2 0           0           0           |) : -2
                                                 {-3, -2} | 0 -d c 0 0 0 0 -a 0 0 |                {-4, -2} | d2 -ad   ac+ad 0  b2  0   a2 0     0  0           |  {-4, -2} | 0   0   -b2 a2 0           ac2+acd+bd2 0           0           |
                                                                                                   {-2, -4} | 0  0     0     d2 -c2 0   0  0     a2 ac2+acd+bd2 |  {-2, -4} | -d2 0   c2  0  0           0           ac2+acd+bd2 0           |
                                                                                                   {-2, -4} | 0  0     0     0  0   -d2 c2 c2+cd b2 0           |  {-2, -4} | 0   -d2 0   c2 0           0           0           ac2+acd+bd2 |

     -1 : subquotient ({-3, 0}  | c2 b2 0   a2  0  0  |, {-3, 0}  | -b2 a2  0   0  |) <----------------------------------------------- subquotient ({-2, -2} | ac2+acd+bd2 0           0           0           -a2cd-abd2 a3c+a2bd -a2bc     acd3+bd4   c2d4            |, {-2, -2} | -a2cd-abd2 ac2+acd+bd2 0           0           0           |) : -1
                       {-3, 0}  | d2 0  b2  0   a2 0  |  {-3, 0}  | 0   0   -b2 a2 |     {-3, 2} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  -ab -ac2-acd+bd2 |                {-2, -2} | 0           ac2+acd+bd2 0           0           b2c2       ab2c+b3d -b3c      bc4+bc3d   c6+2c5d+c4d2    |  {-2, -2} | b2c2       0           ac2+acd+bd2 0           0           |
                       {-1, -2} | 0  d2 -c2 0   0  a2 |  {-1, -2} | -d2 0   c2  0  |     {-1, 0} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0   0            |                {-2, -2} | 0           0           ac2+acd+bd2 0           a2d2       -a3d     a3c+a3d   -ad4       d6              |  {-2, -2} | a2d2       0           0           ac2+acd+bd2 0           |
                       {-1, -2} | 0  0  0   -d2 c2 b2 |  {-1, -2} | 0   -d2 0   c2 |     {-1, 0} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0   0            |                {-2, -2} | 0           0           0           ac2+acd+bd2 b2d2       -ab2d    ab2c+ab2d bc2d2+bcd3 c4d2+2c3d3+c2d4 |  {-2, -2} | b2d2       0           0           0           ac2+acd+bd2 |
                                                                                         {-1, 0} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0   0            |
                                                                                         {-1, 0} | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0   0            |
                                                                                         {1, -2} | 0 0 0 0 0 d -c 0   0            |

o7 : ComplexMap

i8 : assert isWellDefined delta

i9 : assert(degree delta == 0)

i10 : assert(source delta_(-1) == Ext^1(comodule I, S^1/h))

i11 : assert(target delta_(-1) == Ext^2(comodule I, S^{{-1,-2}}))

As a second example, applying the functor $\operatorname{Hom}(-, S)$ to the short exact sequence of modules

$\phantom{WWWW} 0 \leftarrow S/(I+J) \leftarrow S/I \oplus S/J \leftarrow S/I \cap J \leftarrow 0 $

gives rise to the long exact sequence of Ext modules having the form

$\phantom{WWWW} \dotsb \leftarrow \operatorname{Ext}^{i+1}(S/(I+J), S) \xleftarrow{\delta_{-i}} \operatorname{Ext}^i(S/I \cap J, S) \leftarrow \operatorname{Ext}^i(S/I \oplus S/J, S) \leftarrow \operatorname{Ext}^i(S/(I+J), S) \leftarrow \dotsb. $

i12 : S = ZZ/101[a..d];

i13 : I = ideal(c^3-b*d^2, b*c-a*d)

              3      2
o13 = ideal (c  - b*d , b*c - a*d)

o13 : Ideal of S

i14 : J = ideal(a*c^2-b^2*d, b^3-a^2*c)

                2    2    3    2
o14 = ideal (a*c  - b d, b  - a c)

o14 : Ideal of S

i15 : g = map(S^1/(I+J), S^1/I ++ S^1/J, {{1,1}})

o15 = | 1 1 |

o15 : Matrix

i16 : f = map(S^1/I ++ S^1/J, S^1/intersect(I,J), {{1},{-1}})

o16 = | 1  |
      | -1 |

o16 : Matrix

i17 : assert isShortExactSequence(g,f)

i18 : delta = connectingExtMap(g, f, S^1)

o18 = -2 : cokernel {-5} | d -c -b a | <------------------ cokernel {-5} | d   -c b  -a | : -2
                                          {-5} | 1 0 0 |            {-5} | 0   0  -d c  |
                                                                    {-6} | -ac b2 0  0  |

o18 : ComplexMap

i19 : assert isWellDefined delta

i20 : assert(source delta_-2 == Ext^2(comodule intersect(I,J), S))

i21 : assert(target delta_-2 == Ext^3(comodule (I+J), S))

Ways to use this method: